We report the categorical variables as percentages of all patients and continuous variables as the means ± SDs. We used the χ 2 test for categorical variables and unpaired Student t tests for continuous variables to compare the baseline characteristics. Finally, 10,862 patients were included ( Supplementary Fig. We excluded patients with missing serum creatinine levels ( n = 10), patients with short follow-up periods (fewer than 90 days of follow-up, n = 306) and patients who received renal replacement (including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation) before or within 30 days of the first visit ( n = 499). The follow-up period for each patient was defined as the interval between the first and last dates of creatinine measurements. Deidentified patient data retrieved from electronic medical records were used, including the date of birth, sex, BMI, diagnostic codes according to the ICD-10-Clinical Modification, drug prescriptions, and laboratory results. ![]() We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes who were followed at the nephrology clinics of two tertiary hospitals in South Korea (Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center).
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